Proundly Supported by
Pfizer Foundation
    Home | Current Issue | Past Issue | Board | Instruction | Contact


Typhoid Fever outbreak in Madaya Township,Mandalay Division, Myanmar, September 2000

395

Tin Tin Aye MD*@, Potjaman Siriarayapon MD*

* Bureau of Epidemiology, Ministry of Public Health
@ Department of Health, Ministry of Health, Myanmar

Abstract


In September 2000, an outbreak of typhoid fever was reported in a rural village of Central Myanmar. The authors investigated the outbreak in the affected village. A suspected case was a person suffering from fever with either constipation, abdominal pain, diarrhoea / bloody diarrhoea. A probable case was a suspected case who had positive result on the diazo urine test or widal test. Based on probable cases, the authors conducted a case-control study comparing history of contact with the cases, water source, and personal hygiene. Control was a person living in the village was not ill and having a negative result for diazo urine test. Among 49 suspected cases, 33 were probable. Attack rate was 1.2%. Three cases had a positive culture for Salmonella typhi and were not drug resistant. The following risk factors were identified: drinking unboiled river water (adjusted OR 12.5, 95%CI 2.8-75.3), history of contact with other patients before the illness (adjusted OR 22, 95%CI 3.5-76.2), no hand washing with soap after defecation (adjusted OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03 - 0.81). Environmental investigation result showed that most of the households had unsanitary latrine and some latrines were constructed near the edge of a river. The outbreak subsided quickly after intervention

Keyword : Typhoid fever, Outbreak, Myanmar



Download Full Paper
  Vol87_No4_395.pdf  [ 75.22 Kb]

Home | Current Issue | Past Issue | Board | Instruction | Contact

© Copyright The Medical Association of Thailand. All Rights Reserved.2001-2002
Acquista Cialis generico 5 mg Effetti collaterali del Cialis 5 mg Acquista Cialis 20mg online Prezzo di Cialis originale in Svizzera Acquista Viagra in Svizzera senza prescrizione Dove comprare Cialis 10mg Viagra in farmacia online effetti collaterali Costo di Cialis 5mg Opiniones de Reduslim Acquista Spedra Avanafil senza prescrizione Acquista Viagra in Svizzera senza prescrizione Comprar Cialis original Comprar Viagra Contrareembolso Cialis 5mg Viagra sin receta Cialis 5 mg efectos secundarios graves Reduslim precio Trastorno de la ereccin venta de tadalafilo avanafil prezzo cialis 20 mg prezzo cialis effetti benefici cialis 10 mg Reduslim Kaufen pulse crypto price prediction avanafil 100 mg prezzo buy cialis or generic tadalafil 9 http://diplomsagroups.com https://gosznac-diploma.com/ http://sreestrom.ru/ http://originality-diplomy.com https://russian-diplom.com 9 http://russdiplomiki.com https://diplomansy.com 11 https://diploms-asx.com http://diplomrussian.com 11 https://rudiplomisty24.com/ https://russiany-diploman.com/ https://land-diplom.com/ 11 https://kyc-diplom.com http://diploms-service.com https://originaly-dokuments.com https://diplomy-grup24.com/ http://aurus-diploms.com/kupit-diplom-stroitelya.html 9 https://diplomansy.com/kupit-diplom-s-reestrom http://diploms-service.com/diplomy-po-gorodam/novosibirsk 11 http://diplomyland.com/ https://premialnie-diplomansy.com https://diplomiki.com
https://aurus-diplomany.com
https://russiany-diplomana.com
https://originality-diplomik.com
https://lands-diplomy.com
https://okdiplom.com/
https://nsk-diplom.com/
https://ry-diplom.com/
https://diploms-vuza.com/
https://diplom-bez-problem.com/
https://kazdiplomas.com/
https://diplomoz-197.com/
https://kupit-diplomyz24.com/
https://prodiplome.com/
https://diplom5.com/
https://10000diplomov.ru/
https://1magistr.ru/
https://diplom-insti.ru/
https://kdiplom.ru/
https://diplom45.ru/
https://diplom-zakaz.ru/
https://peoplediplom.ru/
https://diplom-profi.ru/
https://bisness-diplom.ru/
https://kupite-diplom0024.ru/
11
11
11
https://diploman-asx.com
11
https://rudiplomirovany.com
https://premialnie-diploms.com
https://diplomans-doc.com
https://russiany-diplom.com
https://diplomy-gruppa.com
https://rudiplomis.com
https://rudiplomisty.com/
https://lands-diploms.com
https://originality-diploman.com
https://originality-diplomx24.com
https://originality-diploms24.com
https://originality-diploma24.com
https://originality-diploman24.com
https://originality-diplomans24.com
https://originality-diplomik24.com
https://originality-diplomix24.com
https://originality-diplomas24.com
9
https://originality-diplomiks24.com
https://originality-diplomiki24.com
https://ru-diplomirovan.com
https://ru-diplomirovany.com
www.ru-diplomirovanay.com
https://ru-diplomirovannie.com
rudiplomir.com
rudiplomirs.com
www.rudiplomira.com
rudiplomiry.com
https://rudiplomiru.com
ab-diplom24.ru
www.ab-diplom24.ru
http://www.24diplom07.ru
http://landik-attestats365.com
http://study-diploms.com}
9
11
9
http://diplomsagroups.com/kupit-diplom-o-srednem-obrazovanii/diplom-o-srednem-i-srednem-specialnom-obrazovanii.html
11
http://diplomsagroups.com/kupit-attestat-shkoly.html
https://premialnie-diplomansy.com/----/
https://premialnie-diplomansy.com/----/
https://premialnie-diplomansy.com/--/
https://russiany-diplomans.com/attestat-9-klassov
https://russiany-diplomans.com/srednee-spetsialnoe-obrazovanie
https://russiany-diplomans.com/kupit-diplom-kolledzha
https://russiany-diplomans.com/diplom-magistra
http://lands-diploms.com/ http://lands-diploms.com/specialnosti/yurist.html http://lands-diploms.com/goroda/krasnodar.html http://lands-diploms.com/goroda/omsk.html http://lands-diploms.com/goroda/chelyabinsk.html
http://aurus-diploms.com/attestat-9-klass.html http://aurus-diploms.com/obrazovanie/kupit-diplom-s-zaneseniem-v-reestr.html http://aurus-diploms.com/diplom-magistra.html http://aurus-diploms.com/geography/kupit-diplom-v-samare.html
http://radiploma.com/kupit-diplom-s-reestrom http://radiploma.com/kupit-diplomy-tehnikuma-kolledzha http://radiploma.com/kupit-diplomy-o-srednem-tehnicheskom-obrazovanii http://radiploma.com/kupit-diplom-kosmetologa
https://aurus-diplomans.com http://www.diplomas-asx.com https://diplomana-asx.com www.rusd-diplom.com https://rusd-diploms.com https://aurus-diplomany.com https://aurus-diplomik.com www.aurus-diplomas.com https://diplomans-asx.com diplomany-asx.com http://www.diplomys-asx.com https://diploman-servise.com http://www.radiploms.com http://www.radiplom.com radiplomy.com radiploma.com rudiplomisty24.com/--- http://www.rudiplomisty24.com/--- www.rudiplomisty24.com/--- rudiplomisty24.com/--
www.originality-diploman.com/----- originality-diploman.com/- originality-diploman.com/- www.originality-diploman.com/--
www.gosznac-diplomy.com/kupit-diplom-o-srednem-texnicheskom-obrazovanii www.gosznac-diplomy.com/diplom-spetcialista https://gosznac-diplomy.com/kupit-diplom-v-cheliabinske
diploman-asx.com/kupit-diplom-moskva https://diploman-asx.com/otzyvy http://www.diploman-asx.com/kupit-diplom-bakalavra-ili-specialista https://diploman-asx.com/kupit-diplom-specialista
11
http://www.diplom-belarus.com
diplomi-price.com
edu-digest.ru
http://proobzh.ru
http://www.edu-nt.ru/
http://www.student-madi.ru
http://dof-edu.ru
9
http://proobzh.ru
www.krsk-school47.ru http://www.russdiplomik.com/kupit-diplom-v-moskve.html russdiplomik.com/diplom-farmaczevta.html russdiplomik.com/diplom-s-reestrom-o-vyisshem-obrazovanii.html http://www.russdiplomik.com/kupit-diplom-v-novosibirske.html
http://www.russdiplomik.com/diplom-czena.html www.russdiplomik.com/diplom-farmaczevta.html russdiplomik.com/kupit-diplom-sankt-peterburg.html russdiplomik.com/kupit-diplom-v-ekaterinburge.html https://russiany-diplomans.com/diplom-o-srednem-obrazovanii http://www.russiany-diplomans.com/kupit-diplom-vracha www.russiany-diplomans.com/kupit-diplom-ekaterinburg http://www.russiany-diplomans.com/kupit-diplom-pskov https://arena-diplom24.com/attestaty https://arena-diplom24.com/diplomy-po-spetsialnosti/diplom-yurista https://ryazan.arena-diplom24.com/ http://www.novorossijsk.arena-diplom24.com/ www.diploms-goznak.com/attestat-vechernej-shkoly http://diploms-goznak.com/kupit-diplom-v-dnepropetrovske http://www.diploms-goznak.com/kupit-diplom-v-zhitomire http://diploms-goznak.com/kupit-diplom-v-zaporozhe - www.diploms-goznak.com/kupit-diplom-v-odesse diploms-goznak.com/vrach www.diploms-goznak.com/diplom-uchilishcha www.diploms-goznak.com/diplom-starogo-obraztsa http://www.diploms-goznak.com/diplom-tekhnikuma-kolledzha diploms-goznak.com/farmatsevt diploms-goznak.com/yurist http://diploms-goznak.com/meditsinskij-diplom diploms-goznak.com/svidetelstvo-o-rozhdenii
https://diplomy-servise.com
diploman-dok.com
diploman-doks.com
diploman-doky.com
www.diploman-doku.com http://education-ua.com/kupit-legalnyij-diplom-v-ukraine.html
www.education-ua.com/attestat-diplom.html
education-ua.com/zaporozhe.html
education-ua.com/kieve.html
http://education-ua.com/odesse.html
http://education-ua.com/summah.html
9
http://education-ua.com/ternopole.html
education-ua.com/diplom-o-mediczinskom-obrazovanii.html
http://www.education-ua.com/diplom-vyisshee.html
http://education-ua.com/kupit-nastoyashhij-diplom-goznak.html
http://www.education-ua.com/
education-ua.com/diplom-texnikuma-kolledzha.html
education-ua.com/diplom-magistra-ukrainskogo-vuza.html
http://www.education-ua.com/diplom-o-mediczinskom-obrazovanii.html
http://www.education-ua.com/diplom-medsestry.html
www.education-ua.com/diplom-nedorogo.html
http://education-ua.com/kupit-diplom-novogo-obrazca.html
www.education-ua.com/otzivi-pogelania.html
www.education-ua.com/diplom-vyisshee.html
http://education-ua.com/diplom-uchilishha.html
http://education-ua.com/diplom-s-registracziej.html
http://www.education-ua.com/kupit-diplom-s-provodkoj-v-ukraine.html
http://www.education-ua.com/diplom-specialista-ukrainskogo-vuza.html
http://www.education-ua.com/diplom-uchilishha.html
http://www.education-ua.com/kupit-diplom-sssr-na-nastoyashhem-blanke.html
http://education-ua.com/svidetelstvo-o-rozhdenii.html
11
http://education-ua.com/svidetelstvo-o-smerti.html
education-ua.com/svidetelstvo-o-brake.html
www.education-ua.com/svidetelstvo-o-razvode.html http://rudiplomisty24.com/-11- https://diplomy-servise.com http://dipplomy.com www.egpu.ru http://vina-net.ru/ cursovik.ru www.spravkipiter.ru alcoself.ru www.school625.ru www.moek-college.ru www.mmcmedclinic.ru www.intimvisit.ru http://med-pravo.ru/ http://moskva-medcentr.ru/ intim-72.ru razigrushki.ru www.dgartschool.ru www.ftbteam.ru http://sb26.ru/ http://www.originaly-dokuments.com/attestaty/attestat-za-9-klass https://originaly-dokuments.com/diplom-o-srednem-spetsialnom-obrazovanii https://originaly-dokuments.com/gorod/nizhnij-tagil https://originaly-dokuments.com/gorod/vologda www.originaly-dokuments.com/gorod/saratov https://originaly-dokuments.com/spetsialnosti/yurist originaly-dokuments.com/spetsialnosti/povar www.originaly-dokuments.com/gorod/krasnodar originaly-dokuments.com/attestaty/attestat-za-11-klass http://www.originaly-dokuments.com/gorod/ekaterinburg www.originaly-dokuments.com/attestaty https://originaly-dokuments.com/spetsialnosti/bukhgalter www.originaly-dokuments.com/gorod/omsk originaly-dokuments.com/gorod/novosibirsk www.originaly-dokuments.com/gorod/sankt-peterburg originaly-dokuments.com/gorod/chelyabinsk www.originaly-dokuments.com/gorod/orjol originaly-dokuments.com/diplom-o-vysshem-obrazovanii/diplom-bakalavra originaly-dokuments.com/diplom-o-vysshem-obrazovanii/diplom-magistra www.originaly-dokuments.com/spetsialnosti/menedzher https://originaly-dokuments.com/diplom-o-srednem-spetsialnom-obrazovanii/diplom-kolledzha https://originaly-dokuments.com/diplom-o-srednem-spetsialnom-obrazovanii
- - - -- - - premialnie-diplomansy.com https://premialnie-diplomansy.com/--/ www.premialnie-diplomansy.com www.originality-diploman.com originality-diploman.com https://originality-diploman.com/-- originality-diploman.com https://originality-diploman.com/-- https://originality-diploman.com/---- www.originality-diploman.com http://https://originality-diploman.com/-- premialnie-diplomansy.com originality-diploman.com www.premialnie-diplomansy.com premialnie-diplomansy.com https://premialnie-diplomansy.com/--/ https://premialnie-diplomansy.com/--/ www.premialnie-diplomansy.com www.premialnie-diplomansy.com http://https://originality-diploman.com/--
9
www.gosznac-diplomy.com http://https://gosznac-diplomy.com/kupit-diplom-vuza-rossii http://https://gosznac-diplomy.com/diplom-sredne-spetcialnoe-obrazovanie http://https://gosznac-diplomy.com/kupit-diplom-v-moskve gosznac-diplomy.com gosznac-diplomy.com https://gosznac-diplomy.com/svidetelstvo-o-rozhdenii http://https://gosznac-diplomy.com/diplom-feldshera gosznac-diplomy.com https://gosznac-diplomy.com/diplom-stroitelya
9 9 11
originality-diplomans.com
rudiplomis24.com
www.diploma-asx.com
https://gosznac-diplom.com/ diploman-doci.com
https://originality-diplomans.com/
www.rudiplomis24.com
https://lands-diplom.com/
https://gosznac-diplom.com/ http://https://aurus-diplom.com/
https://originality-diplomans.com/
https://rudiplomista24.com/
www.diploma-asx.com
https://gosznac-diplom.com/ https://aurus-diplom.com/
http://https://originality-diplomans.com/
https://rudiplomista24.com/
https://lands-diplom.com/
www.gosznac-diplom.com http://https://aurus-diplom.com/
http://diplomsagroups.com/diplomy-po-specialnosti/diplom-buhgaltera.html www.originality-diploman24.com https://originality-diplomans.com/ https://originality-diploma24.com/- http://https://frees-diploma.com https://ekaterinburg.arena-diplomi24.com/ http://https://ekaterinburg.arena-diplomi24.com/