Proundly Supported by
Pfizer Foundation
    Home | Current Issue | Past Issue | Board | Instruction | Contact


Microbial Air Quality in Mass Transport Buses and Work-Related Illness among Bus Drivers of Bangkok Mass Transit Authority$

697

Pipat Luksamijarulkul MSc*, Viboonsri Sundhiyodhin BN*,
Soavalug Luksamijarulkul MSc**, Orawan Kaewboonchoo PhD***
$ Supported by The Thailand Research Fund
* Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University
** Major in Occupational Health, Faculty of Public Health and Environment,
Huacheiwchalermphrakeit University
*** Department of Public Health Nursing, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University

Abstract


The air quality in mass transport buses, especially air-conditioned buses may affect bus drivers who
work full time. Bus numbers 16, 63, 67 and 166 of the Seventh Bus Zone of Bangkok Mass Transit Authority
were randomly selected to investigate for microbial air quality. Nine air-conditioned buses and 2-4 open-air
buses for each number of the bus (36 air-conditioned buses and 12 open-air buses) were included. Five
points of in-bus air samples in each studied bus were collected by using the Millipore Air Tester. Totally, 180
and 60 air samples collected from air-conditioned buses and open-air buses were cultured for bacterial and
fungal counts. The bus drivers who drove the studied buses were interviewed towards histories of workrelated
illness while working. The results revealed that the mean + SD of bacterial counts in the studied
open-air buses ranged from 358.50 + 146.66 CFU/m3 to 506 + 137.62 CFU/m3; bus number 16 had the
highest level. As well as the mean + SD of fungal counts which ranged from 93.33 + 44.83 CFU/m3 to 302 +
294.65 CFU/m3; bus number 166 had the highest level. Whereas, the mean + SD of bacterial counts in the
studied air-conditioned buses ranged from 115.24 + 136.01 CFU/m3 to 244.69 + 234.85 CFU/m3; bus numbers
16 and 67 had the highest level. As well as the mean + SD of fungal counts which ranged from 18.84 + 39.42
CFU/m3 to 96.13 + 234.76 CFU/m3; bus number 166 had the highest level. When 180 and 60 studied air
samples were analyzed in detail, it was found that 33.33% of the air samples from open-air buses and 6.11%
of air samples from air-conditioned buses had a high level of bacterial counts (> 500 CFU/m3) while 6.67%
of air samples from open-air buses and 2.78% of air samples from air-conditioned buses had a high level of
fungal counts (> 500 CFU/m3). Data from the history of work-related illnesses among the studied bus drivers
showed that 91.67% of open-air bus drivers and 57.28% of air-conditioned bus drivers had symptoms of
work-related illnesses, p = 0.0185.

Keyword : Microbial air quality, Mass transport buses, Work-related illness, Bus drivers



Download Full Paper
  Vol87_No6_697-703.pdf  [ 87.31 Kb]

Home | Current Issue | Past Issue | Board | Instruction | Contact

© Copyright The Medical Association of Thailand. All Rights Reserved.2001-2002
Acquista Cialis generico 5 mg Effetti collaterali del Cialis 5 mg Acquista Cialis 20mg online Prezzo di Cialis originale in Svizzera Acquista Viagra in Svizzera senza prescrizione Dove comprare Cialis 10mg Viagra in farmacia online effetti collaterali Costo di Cialis 5mg Opiniones de Reduslim Acquista Spedra Avanafil senza prescrizione Acquista Viagra in Svizzera senza prescrizione Comprar Cialis original Comprar Viagra Contrareembolso Cialis 5mg Viagra sin receta Cialis 5 mg efectos secundarios graves Reduslim precio Trastorno de la ereccin venta de tadalafilo avanafil prezzo cialis 20 mg prezzo cialis effetti benefici cialis 10 mg Reduslim Kaufen pulse crypto price prediction avanafil 100 mg prezzo buy cialis or generic tadalafil 9 http://diplomsagroups.com https://gosznac-diploma.com/ http://sreestrom.ru/ http://originality-diplomy.com https://russian-diplom.com 9 http://russdiplomiki.com https://diplomansy.com 11 https://diploms-asx.com http://diplomrussian.com 11 https://rudiplomisty24.com/ https://russiany-diploman.com/ https://land-diplom.com/ 11 https://kyc-diplom.com http://diploms-service.com https://originaly-dokuments.com https://diplomy-grup24.com/ http://aurus-diploms.com/kupit-diplom-stroitelya.html 9 https://diplomansy.com/kupit-diplom-s-reestrom http://diploms-service.com/diplomy-po-gorodam/novosibirsk 11 http://diplomyland.com/ https://premialnie-diplomansy.com https://diplomiki.com
https://aurus-diplomany.com
https://russiany-diplomana.com
https://originality-diplomik.com
https://lands-diplomy.com
https://okdiplom.com/
https://nsk-diplom.com/
https://ry-diplom.com/
https://diploms-vuza.com/
https://diplom-bez-problem.com/
https://kazdiplomas.com/
https://diplomoz-197.com/
https://kupit-diplomyz24.com/
https://prodiplome.com/
https://diplom5.com/
https://10000diplomov.ru/
https://1magistr.ru/
https://diplom-insti.ru/
https://kdiplom.ru/
https://diplom45.ru/
https://diplom-zakaz.ru/
https://peoplediplom.ru/
https://diplom-profi.ru/
https://bisness-diplom.ru/
https://kupite-diplom0024.ru/
11
11
11
https://diploman-asx.com
11
https://rudiplomirovany.com
https://premialnie-diploms.com
https://diplomans-doc.com
https://russiany-diplom.com
https://diplomy-gruppa.com
https://rudiplomis.com
https://rudiplomisty.com/
https://lands-diploms.com
https://originality-diploman.com
https://originality-diplomx24.com
https://originality-diploms24.com
https://originality-diploma24.com
https://originality-diploman24.com
https://originality-diplomans24.com
https://originality-diplomik24.com
https://originality-diplomix24.com
https://originality-diplomas24.com
9
https://originality-diplomiks24.com
https://originality-diplomiki24.com
https://ru-diplomirovan.com
https://ru-diplomirovany.com
www.ru-diplomirovanay.com
https://ru-diplomirovannie.com
rudiplomir.com
rudiplomirs.com
www.rudiplomira.com
rudiplomiry.com
https://rudiplomiru.com
ab-diplom24.ru
www.ab-diplom24.ru
http://www.24diplom07.ru
http://landik-attestats365.com
http://study-diploms.com}
9
11
9
http://diplomsagroups.com/kupit-diplom-o-srednem-obrazovanii/diplom-o-srednem-i-srednem-specialnom-obrazovanii.html
11
http://diplomsagroups.com/kupit-attestat-shkoly.html
https://premialnie-diplomansy.com/----/
https://premialnie-diplomansy.com/----/
https://premialnie-diplomansy.com/--/
https://russiany-diplomans.com/attestat-9-klassov
https://russiany-diplomans.com/srednee-spetsialnoe-obrazovanie
https://russiany-diplomans.com/kupit-diplom-kolledzha
https://russiany-diplomans.com/diplom-magistra
http://lands-diploms.com/ http://lands-diploms.com/specialnosti/yurist.html http://lands-diploms.com/goroda/krasnodar.html http://lands-diploms.com/goroda/omsk.html http://lands-diploms.com/goroda/chelyabinsk.html
http://aurus-diploms.com/attestat-9-klass.html http://aurus-diploms.com/obrazovanie/kupit-diplom-s-zaneseniem-v-reestr.html http://aurus-diploms.com/diplom-magistra.html http://aurus-diploms.com/geography/kupit-diplom-v-samare.html
http://radiploma.com/kupit-diplom-s-reestrom http://radiploma.com/kupit-diplomy-tehnikuma-kolledzha http://radiploma.com/kupit-diplomy-o-srednem-tehnicheskom-obrazovanii http://radiploma.com/kupit-diplom-kosmetologa
https://aurus-diplomans.com http://www.diplomas-asx.com https://diplomana-asx.com www.rusd-diplom.com https://rusd-diploms.com https://aurus-diplomany.com https://aurus-diplomik.com www.aurus-diplomas.com https://diplomans-asx.com diplomany-asx.com http://www.diplomys-asx.com https://diploman-servise.com http://www.radiploms.com http://www.radiplom.com radiplomy.com radiploma.com rudiplomisty24.com/--- http://www.rudiplomisty24.com/--- www.rudiplomisty24.com/--- rudiplomisty24.com/--
www.originality-diploman.com/----- originality-diploman.com/- originality-diploman.com/- www.originality-diploman.com/--
www.gosznac-diplomy.com/kupit-diplom-o-srednem-texnicheskom-obrazovanii www.gosznac-diplomy.com/diplom-spetcialista https://gosznac-diplomy.com/kupit-diplom-v-cheliabinske
diploman-asx.com/kupit-diplom-moskva https://diploman-asx.com/otzyvy http://www.diploman-asx.com/kupit-diplom-bakalavra-ili-specialista https://diploman-asx.com/kupit-diplom-specialista
11
http://www.diplom-belarus.com
diplomi-price.com
edu-digest.ru
http://proobzh.ru
http://www.edu-nt.ru/
http://www.student-madi.ru
http://dof-edu.ru
9
http://proobzh.ru
www.krsk-school47.ru http://www.russdiplomik.com/kupit-diplom-v-moskve.html russdiplomik.com/diplom-farmaczevta.html russdiplomik.com/diplom-s-reestrom-o-vyisshem-obrazovanii.html http://www.russdiplomik.com/kupit-diplom-v-novosibirske.html
http://www.russdiplomik.com/diplom-czena.html www.russdiplomik.com/diplom-farmaczevta.html russdiplomik.com/kupit-diplom-sankt-peterburg.html russdiplomik.com/kupit-diplom-v-ekaterinburge.html https://russiany-diplomans.com/diplom-o-srednem-obrazovanii http://www.russiany-diplomans.com/kupit-diplom-vracha www.russiany-diplomans.com/kupit-diplom-ekaterinburg http://www.russiany-diplomans.com/kupit-diplom-pskov https://arena-diplom24.com/attestaty https://arena-diplom24.com/diplomy-po-spetsialnosti/diplom-yurista https://ryazan.arena-diplom24.com/ http://www.novorossijsk.arena-diplom24.com/ www.diploms-goznak.com/attestat-vechernej-shkoly http://diploms-goznak.com/kupit-diplom-v-dnepropetrovske http://www.diploms-goznak.com/kupit-diplom-v-zhitomire http://diploms-goznak.com/kupit-diplom-v-zaporozhe - www.diploms-goznak.com/kupit-diplom-v-odesse diploms-goznak.com/vrach www.diploms-goznak.com/diplom-uchilishcha www.diploms-goznak.com/diplom-starogo-obraztsa http://www.diploms-goznak.com/diplom-tekhnikuma-kolledzha diploms-goznak.com/farmatsevt diploms-goznak.com/yurist http://diploms-goznak.com/meditsinskij-diplom diploms-goznak.com/svidetelstvo-o-rozhdenii
https://diplomy-servise.com
diploman-dok.com
diploman-doks.com
diploman-doky.com
www.diploman-doku.com http://education-ua.com/kupit-legalnyij-diplom-v-ukraine.html
www.education-ua.com/attestat-diplom.html
education-ua.com/zaporozhe.html
education-ua.com/kieve.html
http://education-ua.com/odesse.html
http://education-ua.com/summah.html
9
http://education-ua.com/ternopole.html
education-ua.com/diplom-o-mediczinskom-obrazovanii.html
http://www.education-ua.com/diplom-vyisshee.html
http://education-ua.com/kupit-nastoyashhij-diplom-goznak.html
http://www.education-ua.com/
education-ua.com/diplom-texnikuma-kolledzha.html
education-ua.com/diplom-magistra-ukrainskogo-vuza.html
http://www.education-ua.com/diplom-o-mediczinskom-obrazovanii.html
http://www.education-ua.com/diplom-medsestry.html
www.education-ua.com/diplom-nedorogo.html
http://education-ua.com/kupit-diplom-novogo-obrazca.html
www.education-ua.com/otzivi-pogelania.html
www.education-ua.com/diplom-vyisshee.html
http://education-ua.com/diplom-uchilishha.html
http://education-ua.com/diplom-s-registracziej.html
http://www.education-ua.com/kupit-diplom-s-provodkoj-v-ukraine.html
http://www.education-ua.com/diplom-specialista-ukrainskogo-vuza.html
http://www.education-ua.com/diplom-uchilishha.html
http://www.education-ua.com/kupit-diplom-sssr-na-nastoyashhem-blanke.html
http://education-ua.com/svidetelstvo-o-rozhdenii.html
11
http://education-ua.com/svidetelstvo-o-smerti.html
education-ua.com/svidetelstvo-o-brake.html
www.education-ua.com/svidetelstvo-o-razvode.html http://rudiplomisty24.com/-11- https://diplomy-servise.com http://dipplomy.com www.egpu.ru http://vina-net.ru/ cursovik.ru www.spravkipiter.ru alcoself.ru www.school625.ru www.moek-college.ru www.mmcmedclinic.ru www.intimvisit.ru http://med-pravo.ru/ http://moskva-medcentr.ru/ intim-72.ru razigrushki.ru www.dgartschool.ru www.ftbteam.ru http://sb26.ru/ http://www.originaly-dokuments.com/attestaty/attestat-za-9-klass https://originaly-dokuments.com/diplom-o-srednem-spetsialnom-obrazovanii https://originaly-dokuments.com/gorod/nizhnij-tagil https://originaly-dokuments.com/gorod/vologda www.originaly-dokuments.com/gorod/saratov https://originaly-dokuments.com/spetsialnosti/yurist originaly-dokuments.com/spetsialnosti/povar www.originaly-dokuments.com/gorod/krasnodar originaly-dokuments.com/attestaty/attestat-za-11-klass http://www.originaly-dokuments.com/gorod/ekaterinburg www.originaly-dokuments.com/attestaty https://originaly-dokuments.com/spetsialnosti/bukhgalter www.originaly-dokuments.com/gorod/omsk originaly-dokuments.com/gorod/novosibirsk www.originaly-dokuments.com/gorod/sankt-peterburg originaly-dokuments.com/gorod/chelyabinsk www.originaly-dokuments.com/gorod/orjol originaly-dokuments.com/diplom-o-vysshem-obrazovanii/diplom-bakalavra originaly-dokuments.com/diplom-o-vysshem-obrazovanii/diplom-magistra www.originaly-dokuments.com/spetsialnosti/menedzher https://originaly-dokuments.com/diplom-o-srednem-spetsialnom-obrazovanii/diplom-kolledzha https://originaly-dokuments.com/diplom-o-srednem-spetsialnom-obrazovanii
- - - -- - - premialnie-diplomansy.com https://premialnie-diplomansy.com/--/ www.premialnie-diplomansy.com www.originality-diploman.com originality-diploman.com https://originality-diploman.com/-- originality-diploman.com https://originality-diploman.com/-- https://originality-diploman.com/---- www.originality-diploman.com http://https://originality-diploman.com/-- premialnie-diplomansy.com originality-diploman.com www.premialnie-diplomansy.com premialnie-diplomansy.com https://premialnie-diplomansy.com/--/ https://premialnie-diplomansy.com/--/ www.premialnie-diplomansy.com www.premialnie-diplomansy.com http://https://originality-diploman.com/--
9
www.gosznac-diplomy.com http://https://gosznac-diplomy.com/kupit-diplom-vuza-rossii http://https://gosznac-diplomy.com/diplom-sredne-spetcialnoe-obrazovanie http://https://gosznac-diplomy.com/kupit-diplom-v-moskve gosznac-diplomy.com gosznac-diplomy.com https://gosznac-diplomy.com/svidetelstvo-o-rozhdenii http://https://gosznac-diplomy.com/diplom-feldshera gosznac-diplomy.com https://gosznac-diplomy.com/diplom-stroitelya
9 9 11
originality-diplomans.com
rudiplomis24.com
www.diploma-asx.com
https://gosznac-diplom.com/ diploman-doci.com
https://originality-diplomans.com/
www.rudiplomis24.com
https://lands-diplom.com/
https://gosznac-diplom.com/ http://https://aurus-diplom.com/
https://originality-diplomans.com/
https://rudiplomista24.com/
www.diploma-asx.com
https://gosznac-diplom.com/ https://aurus-diplom.com/
http://https://originality-diplomans.com/
https://rudiplomista24.com/
https://lands-diplom.com/
www.gosznac-diplom.com http://https://aurus-diplom.com/
http://diplomsagroups.com/diplomy-po-specialnosti/diplom-buhgaltera.html www.originality-diploman24.com https://originality-diplomans.com/ https://originality-diploma24.com/- http://https://frees-diploma.com https://ekaterinburg.arena-diplomi24.com/ http://https://ekaterinburg.arena-diplomi24.com/